Sustainability | Free Full-Text | Exploring Innovation Ecosystem with Multi-Layered Heterogeneous Networks of Global 5G Communication Technology

As show in Table 5, in the scientific sub-ecosystem, innovators’ collaboration degrees decline from macro to micro levels: ${\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}}\left({\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{S}}\right)>{\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}}\left({\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{S}}\right)>{\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}}\left({\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{I}-\mathrm{S}}\right)$. Within the technological sub-ecosystem, organizational-level collaboration is the lowest: ${\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}}\left({\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{T}}\right)>{\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}}\left({\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{I}-\mathrm{T}}\right)>{\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}}\left({\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{T}}\right)$. Standard deviation in ${\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{I}-\mathrm{S}}$ is the smallest, indicating relatively similar cooperation levels among individuals in the scientific sub-ecosystem.