1. Introduction
Ports inevitably generate anthropogenic emissions due to the ever-increasing volume of cargo handled, the diversification of the activities accommodated (modern ports, for example, can act as industrial hubs with a variety of activities such as energy production, distribution, and storage), and the dependence of land and seaside port activities on fossil fuels. To date, one of the main concerns of the port industry has been air emissions and GHG emissions associated with seaport operations. Port-related GHG emissions are usually reported on the basis of inventories, while the measurements conducted between different ports can vary considerably. For example, the emissions from ships at berth in the port of Rotterdam are estimated at 13.7 Mton CO2, which is almost double the amount emitted by the port of Antwerp (7.4 Mton CO2), which is ranked number one among the 10…
