In addition to the above fuel cell characteristics, current ripple increases the loss of the fuel cell, reduces the efficiency [19,20], and shortens the service life of the fuel cell [21]. In actual working conditions, the output voltage of the fuel cell is low; the output voltage of a single PEMFC battery is about 1 V, while the voltage required by a DC microgrid or new energy vehicle is 250~750 V. The voltage difference between the two voltages is very large, so an external converter with a high boost ratio is required to meet the voltage matching problem at the load end [22].
Depending on the connected load, fuel cell power generation devices can be divided into two types, namely off-grid fuel cell power generation systems and grid-connected fuel cell power generation systems, which are directly connected to the load and grid-connected.
3.1. Topology and Control of Off-Grid Fuel…
